Known as the ‘Barefoot Economist’, Manfred Max-Neef was an acclaimed Chilean ecological thinker and long-time Gaia advisor. Manfred devoted his life to promoting alternative forms of development that truly meet the needs of both human societies and the ecosystems upon which we all depend for life and well-being. One of the earliest critics of growth-based capitalist economics- a father of the emerging de-growth movement- Manfred held that “the fundamental value to sustain a new economy should be that no economic interest, under no circumstance, can be above the reverence of life.” He received the Rights Livelihood Award in 1983, in recognition of his outstanding work. Manfred died at home in Valdivia, Chile, on Thursday 8th of August 2019. He is much missed.

In the late 1990’s Gaia was inspired by Thomas Berry, a cultural historian who warned that civilizations which grow quickly, at the expense of their ecological foundations, will also collapse quickly. He pointed out how law, controlled by corporate interests, is increasingly used to legitimize the destruction of Nature and the commons. He called for the urgent need to return to the original understanding of law as Nature’s Law. Gaia had always recognised that for most of human history, cultures across the planet had derived their customary laws from the Laws of Nature. Together with Thomas Berry, we intensified our work in promoting and recognising what Thomas called Earth Jurisprudence, as the foundation upon which human societies should reconstitute themselves, in order to realign with the planetary boundaries of life on our living planet. Thomas published a number of books, perhaps his most notable being The Great Work: Our way into the future (1999). Thomas Berry passed away in 2009. You can find more about his life and work here.

Brian Goodwin was a Canadian mathematician and biologist, and a founder of theoretical biology and biomathematics. He introduced the use of complex systems and generative models in developmental biology and suggested that a reductionist view of Nature fails to explain complex features, controversially proposing the “fringe” structuralist theory that morphogenetic fields might substitute for natural selection in driving evolution. His much celebrated book Nature’s Due: Healing Our Fragmented Culture was published in 2007. Brian was a prominent advocate for holistic science and on his retirement in 1992 he took up residence at Schumacher College, in Devon. He conducted MSc courses in holistic science and used walks in the countryside to demonstrate his conviction that living organisms are shaped by “natural forms”, as well as evolution through the survival of the fittest. He was an accomplished pianist and often played the music of Schubert, his favourite composer, to his students. He passed away in 2009.

A healthy civilisation can only be one that harmonises with and integrates into the totality of life, enhancing not demolishing it.

A mentor, associate, adviser and close friend of The Gaia Foundation, Jose Lutzenberger (fondly known as Lutz) worked tirelessly and passionately for social and environmental justice, saying they were “two sides of the same coin.” An agronomist, scientist and outspoken activist, Lutz embodied a holistic understanding of the interconnection and unity of all life on this planet. His profound dedication and example in demonstrating how ecological and social justice is possible, led to him being considered a father of the environmental movement in Brazil.

Philosopher

 “Only a systematic, unitary, and synfonic worldview can assist us in comprehending the true nature of our wonderful living planet.”

Born in Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil, Lutz always had a close relationship with nature, describing himself as a naturalist from a young age. A student of agronomy, hebegan his career by working for agrochemical companies including BASF. After fifteen years he became disillusioned with the industry and left BASF. Coming to the realisation that he had been, in his words, ‘peddling poisons to farmers’, Lutz started a vigorous campaign against the very products he once sold.

Lutz was guided by fundamental first principles, observing life from an Earth-centred, rather than an anthropocentric (human-centred) perspective. His understanding of our living Earth as Gaia, a self-regulating organism, formed the basis of his holistic ethics.

Seeing the unity of all living beings Lutz described Gaia as “a living system, a living entity with its own identity”. With great admiration and humility, he observed the indescribable beauty and complexity of life on this planet. Awed by the “magnificent symphony of organic evolution”, Lutz observed, with his customary scientific rigour, how millions of species, including ourselves, interact in a complex and unified way to support the continuity of life on Gaia.

A visionary and radical thinker, Lutz became a powerful voice against the exploitation imbedded in the current system economic system. An ardent critic of the dominant growth economy, Lutz denounced the neo-liberal globalisation for its role in creating inequality and destroying ecosystems. He called for social institutions to rethink of the notions of ‘development’ and ‘progress’, which he called “a guise that hides an increasingly efficient process of social disruption and the demolishment of all life support systems.”

 

Agronomist

Having worked for BASF, Lutz was an eloquent critic of the power structures that seek to dominate the global food system today. In his writings and activism, he described how agribusiness is predicated on the exploitation of small-scale farmers, explaining how industrial food regime creates a system of dependency based on privatised seed and reliance on toxic chemicals derived from chemicals used in WW2.

“We have a redistribution of tasks within the economy and the creation of new power structures that did not exist in the past, and most of that power is going to transnational corporations, not to the people.”

Lutz advanced practical alternatives to this corporate capture of our food systems. Key to his approach was an emphasis on “small, intelligent; locally conceived, adjusted, adapted and, most importantly, locally decided solutions”. In his native Brazil, he helped farmers regain their independence from chemical corporations and banks by recovering the natural fertility of their soils through regenerative methods. Within Brazil and beyond, Lutz mentored many of the leading lights in the current movement for regenerative agroecology and food sovereignty.

The bedrock of Lutz’s approach called for an approach to agriculture that prioritises working with nature’s cycles and systems rather than fighting them using chemicals and  seed that cannot be saved from season-to-season.

Emphasising the importance of “closing the loop” by recycling all organic materials, Lutz redefined the idea of ‘waste’. A core area of his work centred on finding a use for waste products generated by industry. He designed a system of composting what an industrial pulp mill deemed as refuse into fertilizer for agriculture. It proved to be the solution for dealing with hundreds of thousands of tons of waste produced every year.

 

Activist

Among other principal figures of the time, Lutz was a forefather of the environmental movement in Brazil.

An unconventional and outspoken activist, Lutz was an advocate for the Amazon and indigenous and forest peoples. While many had top-down ideas about how to save the Amazon, Lutz championed indigenous people as the custodians of the forest, recognising the deep value of their cosmologies and cultural practices. He worked alongside communities, emphasising the significance of  their local knowledge for protecting their places of origin.

Lutz played an instrumental role in the early years of The Gaia Foundation’s work in the Amazon, building connections between Gaia and key forest defenders, including Chico Mendes and Ailton Krenak. These initial encounters began ongoing lineage of relationships that are still maintained and nurtured today as our work in the Amazon continues.

Recalling the importance of Lutz’s generation, Liz Hosken, Director of The Gaia Foundation recounts:

“Looking back, the 1980’s was an important moment in the evolution of ecological and social justice movement. There were many gatherings of philosopher-activists from around the world, who came together to challenge the ‘development model’ and the global expansion of the industrial growth economy, which was generating growing ecological and social breakdown and injustices. They laid the foundation for those who followed and should be acknowledged for this. Lutz was amongst the outstanding voices.”

On his frequent visits to Gaia’s base in north London, rooms would fill with people eager to hear about Lutz’s efforts to protect the Amazon. Lutz would captivate and inspire his audience with a virtuoso storytelling style and the power of his message.

 

Founder

 

Lutz’s vision manifested itself through several organisations- Associação Gaúcha de Proteção ao Ambiente Natural (AGAPAN), Vida Desenvolvimento Ecológico (Vida) and Fundação Gaia.

In 1971 he was a founding member of AGAPAN, Brazil’s first environmental NGO, which became a key protagonist in the fight against agrochemicals and the deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest.

In 1979, drawing on his scientific background and understanding of ecological processes, Lutz started his own company- Vida. It embodied his notion that the cycles opened by unsustainable production must be closed. By engaging directly with businesses and providing consultancy services, Vida made huge gains in reducing the ecological impact of industry by recycling industrial waste to be used as natural fertilizer.

In 1987 The Gaia Foundation supported Lutz in establishing his organisation Fundacão Gaia, a teaching centre for regenerative agriculture and promoting sustainable development based on holistic ethics. Its base, Rincão Gaia in Rio Grande do Sul, is in a disused quarry, which Lutz regenerated to reflect the abundance, complexity and beauty of nature.

The 30-hectare cultural centre remains a living example of the applicability of the ideas it espouses. Rincão Gaia has become an site of inspiration for those seeking to create an ecologically and socially sustainable society. It embodies Lutz’s approach by entering into a dialogue with the landscape and working with its regenerative capacity. The centre is now maintained by Lutz’s daughter, Lara, a biologist and environmentalist who continues in the footsteps of her father, keeping his legacy alive.

 

Award winner, influencer

In 1988 Lutz won the Right Livelihood award in recognition of his efforts to protect the environment in Brazil and worldwide. The award acknowledged the full breadth of his pioneering work, from promoting organic agriculture and recycling industrial waste, to advocating for the protection of the Amazon and the rights of indigenous peoples.

Modern industrial society has embarked on a course that, if allowed to continue much longer will, in the end, destroy all higher forms of life on earth. One of the main aspects of how we wrongly deal with the world is reductionism, that is, facing only one issue at a time and thinking in straight lines. – Lutz’s RLA Award acceptance speech

In 1990 Lutz served as the Environment Minister for the federal government of Brazilian President Fernando Collor. Lutz used his position to reverse policies that were allowing large corporations to destroy the Amazon. He played an instrumental role in Brazil’s decision to abandon the atomic bomb and in the recognition and demarcation of indigenous territories. He also pushed for rigorous enforcement of laws to punish industrial polluters.

Ultimately, Lutz’s radical worldview proved to be incompatible with the conservative leanings and vested interests of the Brazilian State. Disillusioned by the levels of corruption and troubled by the constant opposition he faced from Brazil’s most powerful interest groups, Lutz’s role as environment minister came to an end in 1992.

Legacy

For three decades Lutz was at the centre of almost every major battle to protect the environment in Brazil and he enjoyed international influence in the fields of social justice, ecology and agriculture.

The scale of Lutz’s impact is impossible to do justice to in a short biography. He touched the hearts of many, transforming livelihoods and ecosystems through his holistic understanding of social and environmental issues. His thinking is as relevant ever today as, we face the multiple crises he warned of.

Lutz’s legacy is a vital part of our lineage here at Gaia, as we continue his struggle to align our societies with life’s regenerative capacity.

 

Gaia started working with Professor Wangari Maathai in 1985, when her organisation, the Green Belt Movement, was taking root in Kenya. Wangari challenged government projects which involved large scale deforestation, but her resistance attracted great opposition and in 1992 Wangari and a number of rural women were beaten and imprisoned. Gaia stood by Wangari and upon her release provided the Green Belt Movement with its first fax machine, opening up international communication. Wangari’s movement has enabled women across Kenya to plant over 30 million trees and improve their food security. Wangari was the first African woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and is celebrated internationally as one of the most influential women in Africa’s history. She passed away in 2011 and her daughter Wanjira continues her work.